Sustainable Event Management

| Individual Essay 1. 0 Sustainable events are only possible when they are small and localised. Discuss, using examples. Sustainable events are described as those which meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (IISD 2012). When developing sustainable events, planners need to view the event as a whole and how each part interacts and affects another and also need to take into consideration the effects that the event may have on the environment.Sustainable events are not limited to being only small and localised; in some instances it may be easier to focus on the sustainability of a smaller event as it can be easier to take a holistic approach to a smaller scale event, however as is often the case, larger scale events generally have better knowledge and resources in order to become more sustainable, and many small events can be relatively unsustainable simply because there is a lack of pressure on these events to be min dful of the external environment.There are a number of components which need to be taken into account when developing a sustainable event. These components will form the basis of the reasons why larger scale events can also be sustainable and how smaller events can sometimes be unsustainable by means of comparison of two appropriate events. The London 2012 Olympics were held from July 27 – August 12 2012 and comprised 204 competing countries with over 10,000 athletes competing (Clark and Heseltine 2012).The Summer Olympics are arguably the best known events series internationally, being held every four years with successful host countries being chosen several years prior to the games themselves. With a successful committee of event developers known as the International Olympics Committee (IOC), planning for the event begins some ten years before the commencement of the games in which extensive research of the best possible location and use of resources is undergone in order t o reach the best outcome from many perspectives. The 2012 London Olympics had a particular focus on sustainability.Motorvation is an annual motor event which is held at the Perth Motorplex and comprises a series of car-related events such as burnout competitions, horsepower competitions and sound-off competitions for local car lovers to show off what they are most proud of. The event is held over three days and attracts around 10,000 people from the local area within this time. Planning for the event is minimal as in most cases the same structure is used each year with the major difference being the cars involved and the line-up of these events (Motorvation 2012).The comparison of these two events aims to outline how each event has performed – or not performed – sustainability practices by identifying key components of sustainable events. 1. 1 Pollution In terms of pollution, the London Olympics took a very serious approach to this issue. The London 2012 committee form ed a partnership with BioRegional and WWF in order to develop sustainable practices overall and held a strong focus on pollution levels.A labelling system for recycling was produced which indicated to spectators within the games arena which type of waste product they were using and how to dispose of it correctly in order to keep waste levels at an all-time low. The IOC worked closely with Transport of London to ensure that train services were consistently running so that people could get to the games efficiently and with less harm to the environment by not driving their own vehicles. Motorvation is a car event which is fuelled by the excitement of smoke and burning rubber – both of which are extremely harmful to the environment.Whilst the event has a number of disposal bins around the venue, these are rarely utilised by spectators and this is possibly the only environmentally friendly aspect of the event itself. 1. 2 Community Involvement The host community of the London Olym pics is obviously the locals living within central London. The IOC developed many programs for people living within the area to get involved in leading up to the games such as the Newham Volunteers program which aimed to enrich the lives of locals (Hughes 012) and the Changing Places Program which is also a volunteer program for the youth within the area to create artwork and suchlike to transform the city for the games (London Olympic Games 2012). These community initiatives got the host community as a whole involved and created a sense of positivity among locals which acts on sustainability due to the fact that people living in the area will have a better quality of life in the long term and will have a greater sense of pride in the area they live in. The surrounding community of Motorvation is Perth’s Southern suburbs including Rockingham and Mandurah.Whilst there are a number of volunteer opportunities for these people to get involved in on the day of the event, there are no long-lasting community initiatives related to the event and the market segment that the event attracts is often not too enthusiastic on the idea of volunteering as opposed to watching the event. Whilst the event does generate recognition of Perth’s Southern suburbs, this recognition is often of negative value to the wider Perth community and is unlikely to enrich the lives of people living within the area. 1. Tourism Generation Tourism in London during the 2012 games did suffer from some aspects such as the hotel industry reporting a mere 82 percent occupancy rate over the period (Various authors 2012) however the influx of people from other parts of the UK was tremendous and these day-trippers brought a huge economic boom to many other areas such as shopping locations and food outlets. Being a small localised event, Motorvation does not attract a large number of tourists from other regions with the exception of a minority of obsessive car lovers.Unsurprisingly, the area surrounding the event does not experience any influx of people or income during the time of Motorvation. 1. 4 Job Creation London 2012 generated a number of new jobs within the Olympics itself and in outer London, with over 100000 people being paid to work at the games during the time as well as thousands of volunteers working at the event and various maintenance personnel employed to work on the game during and after the Olympics was held in order to maintain the Olympic stadium and to begin the transformation process of a smaller stadium to use post-games (LondonOlympic Games 2012). Motorvation has a number of volunteer opportunities as mentioned earlier however these positions are very short lived and there is no real job generation as a result of the event. People may choose to volunteer over this time however this does not contribute in any great way to the labour sector and the positions will not be overly enriching to the lives of the people who take them. With the evidence o utlined above, it is clear that small, localised events are not the only events which can be sustainable.Larger events often have greater resources which can be used in order to introduce sustainable practices. The London 2012 Olympics has practiced sustainability successfully in the form of pollution, community involvement, tourism generation and job creation where as Motorvation has contributed very little to sustainability measures in the way the event is conducted. With greater planning, research and development, events can become more sustainable and it is these key components which determine how well an event is conducted in terms of sustainability, not the size of the event.Sustainable event development is the key and with a greater amount of skills, knowledge and resources events can become more sustainable no matter the size or locality. Reference List Clarke, Greg and Michael Heseltine. 2012. â€Å"London is the world's greatest city: now the rest of the country must emul ate its success† The Telegraph, August 30. Hughes, Michael. 2012. â€Å"Lecture 11: Event Legacies. † PowerPoint Lecture Notes. https://lms. curtin. edu. au/webapps/portal/frameset. jsp Iisd: What is sustainability? 2012. IISD. http://www. isd. org/sd/ London Olympic Games: Local Community Work. 2012. London 2012. http://www. london2012. com/about-us/sustainability/local-community-work/ London Olympic Games: Jobs. 2012. London 2012. http://www. london2012. com/about-us/jobs/ Motorvation: About. 2012. Perth Motorplex. http://www. motorplex. com. au/motorvation Various authors. 2012. â€Å"Did London 2012 Pass the Olympics Test? † The Independent, August 13. http://www. independent. co. uk/sport/olympics/news/so-did-london-2012-pass-the-olympic-test-8037290. html

Marriage and Fundamental Constitutional Right

Anti-nepotism rules in the United States date back to the turn of the century: however, since the early 1970s, there have been numerous legal challenges to such policies and regulations. Often, the plaintiffs are professionals who have been denied employment, transferred or even dismissed because their spouses already worked for the same organization or because their spouses were promoted to supervisory positions over them. These plaintiffs contend that they have a legal right to work with their spouses, that anti-nepotism rules are discriminatory against them and that such rules violate their constitutional right to marry. What are the legal liabilities of governmental agencies and officials in this emerging area of public personnel law? An analysis of recent federal and state court decisions revealed that most judges do not interpret anti-nepotism rules to be either discriminatory or a direct violation of a fundamental constitutional right. The kind of rule at issue does not appear to be a factor in judicial opinions. For example, federal constitutional right to marry cases cover a variety of situations, including rules against one spouse supervising the other, and policies against married couples working in the same governmental department. Federal judges have subjected all anti-nepotism rules to only minimal scrutiny, deferring to management in virtually every instance. (1) Management Rationales for Anti-Nepotism Rules Both anti-nepotism rules and merit system regulations seek to protect the competency of the workforce, yet, paradoxically, qualified job applicants are often turned away, and valuable employees are frequently transferred or even fired because of anti-nepotism policies. Poor performance is rarely the issue in such cases. (2) Rather, most organizations restrict married co-workers to some degree because of an assumption that the family is a potentially disruptive influence In the workplace. (3) According to Kanter, the main reason for having anti-nepotism rules is to minimize the influence of traditional familial authority structures, such as that of husband over wife, on the development and management of rational bureaucracies. 4) While such attitudes are changing among some managers, the belief persists that married individuals will bring their quarrels to work, form coalitions to advance their own interests, and in other ways undermine organizational productivity and morale. (5) One survey of university department chairs revealed a deep ambivalence about hiring faculty couples. (6) Despite criticisms by some commentators that anti-nepotism rules are anachronistic, especially for professional couples, most organizations continue to prohibit close wo rking relationships between family members. (7)

Commemorative Speech-My Father Essay

Over the years his real job has come with many different titles. For 50 years he has been a son and brother, for 31 he has been a loving father, for 26 he has been a dedicated husband, for 5 he has been a grandfather, and for 18 years and counting he has been and will always be my mentor. Today I would like to honor my father John Zachary Smith, and explain to you how and why he has become my mentor. Standing at exactly 6 feet tall, sporting dark black hair and tan skin, being loud, extremely talkative and radiating with energy, are just a few characteristics that can be attributed to his Italian heritage. When introducing himself to someone new, he reaches out his rough and calloused hand giving them a firm handshake and replies â€Å"My name’s John Smith, really honest†. My father has the ability to make friends with anyone because he is truly a real joy to be around. He sparks conversations with people and it would seem that were best friends. My father never lets an opportunity pass to teach his children. Being a father alone is difficult, but finding the time to impact each and every life of those seven children is a completely different rigorous task. Dad has taken this as a challenge and a life-long goal. My dad has taught me lots of things there is to know about many different subjects. Because of him I have learned to change tires on a car, because of him I have learned how to respect my siblings, because of him I have learned to cherish the moments in everyday life, because of him I have learned to have more confidence in myself. Moving away from home and being in college, I look back on my years at home with a little bit of sadness and tad bit of regret. I realize that I took my father for granted. When I would complain about how much homework a teacher had given me, I never once heard him complain about staying late after work. When I would complain about not having the latest outfit, I never once heard him complain about the worn out jeans and shoes he always wore. When I would complain about being tired, I never once heard my father say how exhausted he was from working long hours. My father was the hardest worker I know. My father and mother together have raised seven children. While my mom stayed at home taking care of the young ones, my father would be working to provide for his young family. When the children reached schooling age, my parents were smart with the money my father diligently worked for. When sending their children to a local public school would be easy and cost much less.

Employment relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment relations - Essay Example The inequalities in society normally fall under the above mentioned heads (Andrews, 2007, Livesey, 2006). Discrimination of employees or inequalities of employees means treating an employee different from others. This is a very serious offence and is illegal for companies to treat employees differently. A company can be faced with a lot of legal issues and employees have the rights to even sue the company (Epstein, 1995). The next section focuses on the different basis of inequalities among employees at work places. Explanations of the causes for these issues are also discussed. Direct Discrimination: This type of discrimination refers to when employees discriminate among employees because of their sex, martial status or because of gender reassignment. This type of discrimination does not have a strong basis and employers tend to discriminate for reasons that are unlawful and invalid (Direct Gov, 2008). Indirect Discrimination: This type of discrimination is when employers put down certain invalid reasons to build certain working practices or rules within an organization. Rules such as fixing a minimum height which might discriminate against most women or even cases where employers refuse to employ part time workers for no valid reason (Direct Gov, 2008). Harassment: This is a very common sight in a lot of offices. This however is now being taken very seriously and laws relating to this have been tightened over the past few years. In this kind of discrimination the employees face offensive behaviour from employers or others within the organization. There can be passing of sexual remarks or gestures, or allowing of sexually explicit material to be displayed or distributed within the organization. Some employees also face the issue of being offensively nick named because of gender (Direct Gov, 2008). Victimization: This form of discrimination is seen in many offices when an employee has had the courage to

Drugstore Cowboy Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Drugstore Cowboy Film Analysis - Essay Example In â€Å"Drugstore Cowboy† the weakness of the hero is drugs. The film as the title indicates is on drug abuse, but is not a â€Å"say no to drug† sort of a slogan mongering publicity campaign film. The film tells us about the generation of the early seventies who took to drugs. But the film produced in late eighties tells the story of the life of that generation of the seventies when America was almost obsessed with anti drug sentiment bordering on the verge of hysteria. The late eighties were the times of the winners. Only they counted. But this film is telling us about the losers belonging to the generation just earlier, who got lost in drugs and unreal hallucinatory lives. The film tries to understand that generation, while showing how comically meaningless and desperate the life of the addicts were. The border between medicine and drug is wafer thin. The change of meaning is only in how the human beings relate to it. Like drug abuse there is abuse of medicines; thi s is an issue raised by the traditional medical practitioners like the Ayurvedic doctors against Allopathic practices. To quote Angus Bancroft: A drug is a substance used in a drug-like way, a medicine is the substance applied to cure, and a poison the substance used to kill. The end point is that any object or relationship to an object is only formed by the way humans relate to it. Psychoactive substances become ‘drug’ only when they take on socially active characteristics, which incorporate human agency. (Drug Intoxication & Society, PP.176) PERSONEL BUT IMPASSIONATE: The film is based on the unpublished novel by James Fogle. This writer is one who had served imprisonment for drug abuse crimes. Thus the account of the life of the drug addict depicted here is very intimate and personal. It is something like an insider story. But the positive feature of the film’s handling of the issue is that it is not romanticizing drug addiction, in spite of it being an insider narrative. At the same

Grades inflation in colleges in the USA Research Paper

Grades inflation in colleges in the USA - Research Paper Example The concept of evaluation promotes retention and promotion of lecturers and professors. In this regard, lecturers are usually compelled to please their students Colleges have also shifted more focus towards enrollment in order to meet their budgets. This has been successfully undertaken by awarding higher grades to students in order to create a positive image among people intending to join colleges This issue has been investigated by various governmental and non-governmental organizations. Harvard University is one of the institutions that have pioneered this investigation. It is learning institution that has been affected by this issue thus its results are more credible The institution has also made a suggestion that entails introduction of a grading policy where a student is graded alongside the average grade of that course. In other addition, facilitating proper marking and awarding of grades among lecturers and professors is also another solution that has been proposed. The first suggestion may not be quite effective owing to the fact that it would not necessarily depict lower level of standards. On the other hand, comparison of a student’s performance may also not be accurate, especially when the rest of the class is wrong Provision of quality education is pertinent in any society that aspires to succeed academically. Grade inflation is a challenge in the current education system majorly due to confusions ascribed to it. It does not only affect colleges in the United States, but also in other parts of the world. Undertaking this research is crucial as it facilitates identification of causes of grade inflation as well as probable solutions The research shall focus of grade inflation in colleges in the United States. It shall explore issues associated with it such as: Causes, effects and solutions that have been suggested by Harvard University to reduce grade

Effects of an Expansionary Macroeconomic Policy Essay

Effects of an Expansionary Macroeconomic Policy - Essay Example In its simplest terms, this relationship works on the principle that price is determined by the ratio of supply to demand: a high demand and low supply necessitates a high price, whereas a low demand and high supply would be indicative of a lower price. However, many more factors influence this AS-AD relationship. For instance, aggregate demand is influenced by interest rates, business and consumer confidence in the economy, the anticipation of inflation, and real wealth. Aggregate supply, on the other hand, is influenced by not only supply of resources, but also productivity by the workforce and production costs. Speaking in general terms, an increase in aggregate demand might have the following short run consequences: prices will rise, output will increase in order to attempt to meet the demand, and ultimately production will exceed the current workforce's capacity, thus creating a demand for a larger workforce. In the long run, a new equilibrium will be established with higher prices for product, production costs, and labor. There are several ways in which this new hypothetical government can decrease unemployment through either monetary policy or fiscal policy. As far as possible monetary policy actions are concerned, either the government can decrease the interest rate in order to stimulate investment and spending; or, the government can increase the volume of money in circulation. ... The final result is that this increased demand requires a larger workforce to cover the demand for increased production. In other words, the government's plan for monetary expansion necessitates a lower interest rate, which stimulates investment, output, and production, thus lowering the unemployment rate. However, at some point the government would need to increase interest rates in order to restore economic equilibrium. Additionally, if output is above its natural level, prices will initially increase, but in the long run output will eventually stabilize and prices will settle back down. Thus, a reverse chain reaction will occur where all aspects of aggregate demand will return to previous levels. Therefore, the government's increase of interest rates in order to reduce unemployment rates will have positive short-term effects in stimulating the economy, but will have virtually no long-term effect without supplementary intervention or a change in productivity. One way to ensure long-term results in this expansionary macroeconomic policy is to effect radical change within the workforce. Long run growth in aggregate supply requires a sustainable increase of real output. Thus, should a technological innovation increase productivity allowing a reduction of production costs, prices can be reduced as well. Output levels will then stabilize at a higher natural level, and stabilized prices and wages will follow. In conclusion, while an expansionary macroeconomic policy instituted by a government to reduce the unemployment rate would most-likely have the desired positive short-run effect (barring unanticipated variables such as loss of confidence in the economy); the long-run effects would be

Response to the book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response to the book - Essay Example In this article, we are going to analyze the sixth extinction portrayed in the book by Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin. Leakey is one of the most famous living Paleo-anthropologist in the world and from his experience in anthropology makes; us devote more time in trying to note the things that will hasten the next evaluation. This article will provide the pros and cons of what the two authors think will result to the sixth extinction. The book has several interesting points, which seems crucial to note, these points are also the stronghold of the book. Leakey accepts that homo sapience or the modern man is the most dominant species on earth currently. The ability to reason and have a vertebrate brain of man is the main reason why man is able to dominate other species. These are also the reasons behind the book claims that human activities are the main agents of extinction of the other species. Leakey identifies that man’s insight has led to technological improvement that have helped him expand his population at an alarming rate. The population increase and the advanced technology have led to overexploitation of the natural resources thus tampering with the ecosystem (Leakey and Lewin, 21). The book states that the historical past of man has led to killing of other species in the form of hunting for food and collections. Leakey identifies that man is destroying tropical forests that are the main habitats for millions of species either to expand their agricultural land or to build roads and cities. This will result to the extinction of these species (Leakey and Lewin, 27). This information is true basing my argument on Cantilena Island, which was known to develop a unique flora before man has destroyed it by inhabiting making it for his agricultural benefits. The unique flora is now extinct. The book states that the more man is becoming knowledgeable in science the more harmful he is becoming to other species. This is due to the

Tuition Assistance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tuition Assistance - Case Study Example Additionally, the tuition-aid program suffers from a lack of internal recruiting. Supervisors are not checking internal job postings and informing the appropriate employees are these opportunities. Finally, Garden Gate does not seem to lock employees in once they receive the tuition assistance, meaning that without this they are almost free to leave and taking advantage of the generous program on offer. The table does not indicate any special problems or issues; in fact, the table shows that Garden Gate has greatly encouraged diversity because there is a balanced mix of males and females and also employees from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds. Of the 18 employees who left the company after receiving tuition aid, quite a few of the employees took on a different job from the one they held at Garden Gate. This perhaps shows that they were unsatisfied at Garden Gate and wanted a change. It is up to supervisors and managers to communicate so that it is known just exactly which direction each employee wants to go in and then how that can be facilitated. I dont think that Garden Gate should discontinue its tuition-aid program because although there have been some problems with it, there is the potential for it to create a competitive advantage over competitors. The program is very attractive for employees who wish to up-skill, so this is something that should be pursued. Also, the company holds the value of treating its employees like investors, meaning that it makes sense to invest in them. Doing anything to the contrary would be going back on the companys principles. The company has grown at 12 percent per year for the last few years, and it wants to continue this rate for at least the next five years. For Garden Gate to be able to do this, it will have to retain most if not all of its current employees before looking to hire new ones. The best way to do this is by investing in human capital, which is what the tuition-aid program was designed

Globalization and state sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization and state sovereignty - Essay Example Sometimes the issue centers on the exaggeration of globalization while at other times the question centers on whether any material change is brought about. The question still remains regarding the loss of state sovereignty or the significance of the state to international associations. Globalization and its consequential transnationalism has brought about a loss in state’s sovereignty in some respects while Before analyzing this argument of state sovereignty it is important to elaborate upon the different definitions of the concept and its relevant concept. The autonomy of the state gradually comes to be threatened under the pressures of market forces acting globally, or transnational administrative system. The country states have been losing grip over certain domains within and across the boundaries. Eli Noam observes that the influence of telecommunications will gradually lead to fading of the concept of the territory and the idea of a nation exerting influence over electron ic communication will become outdated. In most cases the power of the state is fragmented especially in complex system. The power is delegated stepwise to other institutions and organizations for taking collective decisions. It is difficult to identify any single origin of authority especially in the context of the international institutions. The international organizations project a framework which is competitive in nature but their ways of decision making through the principle of agreement or majority rule might lead to decisions which are not in tune with the state’s interest or different form state policy. The minimization or time and space resulting from globalization reduce the role of the state in the global context. This process of globalization, as described by Ronald Robertson might be stated as â€Å"compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world† which is caused by the fast progress in technology and growing economic acti vities (Lynch, 51). The self-sufficiency and the proficiency of the country’s power get eroded as the societies are penetrated by international forces. Government therefore loses control over the local or domestic market and the economy as it incorporates the â€Å"development of transnational practices† and â€Å"an increasing number of inter-state connections† (Lynch, 51). Eric Helleiner has however ventured towards a careful analysis of the loss of sovereignty concept. According to him economic globalization’s impact on the world is more complex compared to the argument centering on the challenge posed by financial globalization to the nations. His argument speaks in favor of information technology enabling the regulatory power of the states. Therefore one cannot say that the sovereign states have been able to regulate international funds into the nation’s economy. It has often been argued that as the movements of financial capital increased acr oss borders it created pressures for deregulation which in turn provoke liberalization of financial markets. According to Helleiner the influence of the nation states should not be emphasized. This is because the economic globalization has merely led to increase the nation states’

Controversial issues in psychology Essay Example for Free

Controversial issues in psychology Essay Controversial issues in psychology are those that cause the greatest concern within both psychology and within society as a whole. Advertising uses techniques of persuasion to manipulate peoples behaviour in the desired direction of the perpetrator of the persuasive message, which uses invasive and exploitative techniques and try to show that social norms and values are not always for the best. Advertisements are a set of shorthand signals about products we are to buy and the circumstances we would use them in. They are a ready source of stereotypes, sexual, regional and cultural, e. g. families are always happy and adults are always employed. The first advertisement on TV in the UK was for Gibbs SRs toothpaste. The ad has become an icon of the consumer age, and psychologists have become increasingly fascinated by the art of persuading people, despite its controversies. What persuades people to buy or use the advertisers product or service is how the advert makes them feel, i. e. the meaning we attach to the advert. However the advert is interpreted by the individual, the impact of any advertisement is what it means to us. The author invites us to participate in constructing a meaning for the advert. OBarr (1994) suggests that advertisers create an advertisement for us to use as a skeleton to add flesh to and breathe life into. Another area controversy in advertising is that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of advertising from other influences that might be current at that time. Hedges (1982) points out that to the consumers, advertising is just part of their background advertisements form just one part of the sensory bombardment that we experience every day. We cannot stop to evaluate every piece of sensory input, so for the most part, advertisements are relegated to fairly low levels of consciousness. Advertisers use many psychological theories to make their work successful, including associating their product with a particular emotion or image. A need for an item must be created, therefore we must be motivated. In the case of pre-existing needs, such as for bread, the motive must be to buy a particular brand (e. g. through price, quality). Where there is no pre-existing need, it must be created, as in the case of childrens toys. Neurological research has shown that the left hemisphere of the brain is more concerned with practical functions such as language, where styles of response are, foe example, verbal and analytic. The right hemisphere is more concerned with spatial, imaginative processing, where responses concern feelings and are, perhaps, unconscious. Lannon and Cooper (1983) suggested that because of this, much advertising is geared towards the right hemisphere. Fast marketing is a relatively new approach, which targets those that have developed brand loyalty and become offensive when they are offered a new alternative. This creates problems for advertisers trying to target new groups, so a blitz of free samples is distributed (fast marketing) so that everyone has a chance of trying out the new product. Consumers are then more likely to change their attitudes or opinions about the product, and so the advertisers will have succeeded. People are also more easily persuaded to change their minds after witnessing testimonials or adverts which use someone who they think is admirable or attractive, such as sports heroes or actresses (Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992). Advertisers typically pair an attractive person or item (unconditioned stimulus) with their product (conditioned stimulus) to produce a positive attitude towards their product (conditioned response). This helps to give positive attitudes towards the products.

Economic and monetary union

Economic and monetary union Identify and discuss the costs and benefits of joining the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)? Do the benefits outweigh the costs? Thesis Statement The Economic Monetary Union has been the centre of prolonged debates as to whether a country joining it will either create benefits or drawbacks. During the course of this analytical report, both costs and benefits will be identified and explained in order to judicate the feasibility of joining the EMU and a specific country will be chosen to illustrate this further. Introduction To understand the concept behind the creation of the Economic Monetary Union, the overall objective of the European Union must firstly be understood. Since the end of the World War II, European political forces have been attempting to unite forces in order to escape the extreme forces of nationalism which were seen as unsustainable. Industries were evolving and beginning to compete globally, international trade throughout the globe expanded at an exponential rate and some felt it had to be regulated in order to maximise the gains achievabe. As a result, the European Union was set up in 1993 with X. Its primary principles are of a single market with no barriers to trade in goods and services or to capital and labour movements, competition and social policies, co-ordinated macroeconomic policy and a harmonised fiscal policy. In order to regulate these aspects effectively the EU set up a body named the Economic Monetary Union. This was seen as potentially a contender to the widely trade d and valued US dollar and as the solution to deepening the integration of the European Union. The EMU is characterised by the following policies, policy harmonisation to remove barriers to improve mobility, a common monetary policy which states there is one interest rate and exchange rate policy determined by the Central Bank, fixed exchange rates via the single currency and the pooling of foreign exchange reserves. The evolution of the EMU began in the late 1980s and was characterised by three stages set out by the Delors Report in 1993. The first stage was devoted to ensuring all member states participation in the Exchange Rate Mechanism and improved policy co-ordination and the removal of barriers to capital flows. The second stage consisted of the creation of the European Monetary Institute (EMI) and central banks becoming independent from their national governments (January 1994). Finally the last stage involved fixing the participating currencies and creating the European System of Central Banks which takes over the responsibility for monetary and exchange rate policies and finally the Stability and Growth pact came into force by January of 1999 to ensure member states that do not comply to the EMU principles are fined or sanctioned. During this evolution in 1992 twelve countries signed the Maastricht Treaty, which fundamentally was the root of the introduction of the Euro. During 1992 and 1997 the convergence criteria was set out which stated that in order for a country to join it must have a low and stable inflation, stable exchange rates and stable public finances and by 1999 the countries officially joined the EMU. However as the Euro could not be introduced overnight, there was a transition period in order to allow the member states to adapt to the new currency and after three years, by 2002, the euro was officially the single currency for all European union member states. Initially the transition period was considered a triumph by European Union members, but as individuals (mainly economists) observed the evolution, many critics are still debating whether joining the EMU and endorsing the euro brings success or just adds to the ever amounting issues each member states are already experiencing. This topic will be thoroughly explored throughout the course of this analytical report and a balanced argument will be drawn from the information available as to whether the EMU carries with it primarily, benefits or costs to a member state joining. The Economic Monetary Union is considered to be one of the major steps in integrating a before divided Europe, as people and businesses could begin moving and trading freely as trade barriers were removed, the currency becomes more stable, financial markets are integrated, the cost of exchanging currencies was eliminated, transaction costs reduced and theoretically increased competition between countries which is a driving factor in keeping prices low and productivity high which is both favourable for consumers and businesses. These benefits must be more deeply explored in order to comprehend the extent to which they have aided success or deepened the intricate network in Europe. The success of the EMU has been difficult to quantify as its revolutionary principles have only been recently enforced, however the theoretical benefits are supposed to be more easily identifiable in the long run as more member states join and European integration is extended to particularly the eastern European community. Debra Johnson and Colin Turner state that one of the major benefits, the elimination of transaction costs in intra-EU trade, have only saved 0.5% of the EUs GDP and that SMEs which predominantly serve local markets, will not benefit extensively from this. However as successful SMEs usually have high exports they can expect a favourable return from the introduction of the Euro. The EMU is also responsible for the lowering of interest rates. Various studies suggest that decentralised fiscal policies cause a bias in inflation and public spending (Sibert 1992, Levine 1993, and Levine and Brociner 1994) and therefore are in favour of the co-ordinated fiscal policies in a monetary union. The single European market can bring numerous benefits to a joining country such as the price transparency. It is still considered too early to quantify precisely the degree to which it has helped and many argue that the EMU must speed up the price convergence through enabling consumers to compare prices across member states more easily. This in turn could facilitate a lowering or raising in in labour costs and could change supply patterns resulting in a more stabilised and fair souricng of resources for firms and possibly improve equality throughtout the European union. These benefits are possibly achievable but have not yet been completely achieved as these processes take time and co-operation and some believe these are not present in todays European society as the recession has caused political and financial instability. The EMU has the potential to create extraordinary gains for the member states but these will not be visible or quantifiable in the near future as it is a timely process of evolution, this therefore poses a risk of not only time consumption but also of resources both nationally and individually and along with the few drawbacks of joining the EMU, critics believe the EMU is not the optimum choice for certain countries in Europe. The drawbacks of joining the EMU are considered to not outweigh the benefits by the majority of observers but still must be considered thoroughly before joining a revolutionary body which causes a country to enter a short-term of deflation, the loss of the exchange rate tool which is considered a tool of national economic policy, the potential problems related to a lack of ‘real convergence and potential policy conflicts and finally the inappropriateness of one monetary policy for many states. These will be analysed and explored in order to conclude whether these outweigh the benefits even considering the majority of parties disagree. The main risk of joining the EMU is the differences in trade cycles between countries, this is one of the core reasons as to why the UK is yet to join. European countries have differing economic statuses and languages, which fundamentally are essential in permitting countries to maximise the gains achievable from a single currency. It is therefore argued that more attention needs to be given to how economies can enhance their factor mobility to balance out the differences found in differing countries. Cohesion funds are the possible solution to the problem but today there are still great differences across the member states in terms of economic performance and labour mobility. This raises the legitimate question whether one monetary policy can fit all member states. The globe today is experiencing an economic recession which is highlighted one of the major issues with joiing the Economic Monetary Union as governments from member states are obliged through the stability and growth pact to keep to the Maastricht criteria meaning they cannot regulate or alter fiscal and monetary policies in order to alleviate the problems arising from a receeding economy. Countries would not be able to devalue to boost exports, to borrow more to boost job creation or to decrease taxes because of the public deficit criterion. The most debated issue with joining the economic monetary union is the loss of national sovereignty. This would result in more established and developed states having to co-operate with the less stable and strong economic countries which are more tolerant to higher infation rates. Finally, the last drawback of joining the EMU is the initial cost of introducing the single currency. This issue is mainly debated in the UK as the British Retailing Consortium estimated that British retailers will have to pay between  £1.7 billion and  £3.5 billion in order for the Euro to be introduced. However it is argued that the one off cost does not outweigh the long-term benefits obtainable from the policies and regulation and that if more countries join the EMU these benefits will be amplified even further. Robert Mundell and Abba Lerner(1960s) believed in a currency area. This is a group of countries that maintain their separate currencies but fix the exchange rates between themselves permanently (Nello, 2009:205). The optimal currency region (OCR) is the idealistic view that an entire region sharing a single currency can benefit extensively the efficiency of the member states economies. It states the optimal characteristics needed for a successful economic integration to occur. These are optimal labour mobility across the region, openness with capital mobility and price and wage flexibility across the region and an automatic fiscal transfer mechanism to redistribute money to areas/sectors which have been negatively affected by the first two characteristics. Supportive Evidence The UK has the worlds fourth largest economy and the EUs second largest and is consequently one of the primary targets of speculation as to whether the benefits outweigh the costs of joining the EMU. In 1999, The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown said that although the government supported the principle of a single currency, Britain would not join. This decision was based on various factors that could have caused rifts in the country. In terms of trade it was seens as unfeasible to join because the UK has the lowest level of intra-EU trade and therefore is more vulnerable to fluctuations in external countries. The UK is vulnerable compared to the rest of the EU counties to potential unfavourable interest rates set by the Central Bank because it has one of the highest percentages of home owners potentially leaving British mortgage holders in a state of crisis. Another characteristic that lead the UK to not favour the joining of the EMU is its position as an oil producer and ex porter meaning it is harshly affected by changes in oil prices, however as the quantity of oil diminuishes at an ever expanding rate and the gradual transition to more sustainable energy resources means that this is not as important as it was when the EMU was introduced a decage ago. These issues are feasible arguments to the absence of the UK in joining the EMU however as the countries that have joined the EMU continue to attract foreign direct investments, the UK has been threatened by foreign investors that the Eurozone is becoming a more attractive zone to trade with because of its increased stability. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development released information on the World Investment Report in the form of a bar graph clearly illustrating the downward trend of inward FDI of the UK compared to the general upward trend of the countries with the EMU. As clearly illustrated by figure 1.0, the UK continued to attract FDI from 1992 until 2000, where it increased five-fold from 20 billion in 1992-1997 to almost 120 billion U.S dollars in 2000. However by 2003 this figure drastically fell to below 20 billion, which was less that it was almost ten years before. Whilst France, Netherlands, Spain and Ireland all either increased or stabilised by 2000 and resumed until 2003. This is further evidence that the UK should consider joining the EMU, in order to guarantee long-term success. As more countries join, currently 26 today, the EMU is ever closer to achieving an optimal currency area (Mundell, 1973) creating, idealistically speaking, a perfectly harmonized economy and resulting in countries flourishing. Conclusion In a perfect world, the EMUs potential benefits would be endless but due to unforeseeable fluctuations in economies, labour mobility, and personal matters it is difficult to quantify the benefits and costs of joining the EMU. Especially with the recent economic downturn the risk of joining the EMU has been even more re-considered by certain countries especially the U.K. However these drawbacks are limited and do not outweigh the vast benefits achievable from embracing a single currency and single European market as it would guarantee to a certain extent the long-term success of a country as harmonization and stabilisation will cause consumers to be given better prices and businesses to trade more efficiently creating a, arguably, more competent country. Establishment of the Maastricht Treaty which was signed by twelve countries in 1992, which set out the convergence criteria, ultimat The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 established a single currency, the euro, and on January 1st 2002, the EMU began using the euro.The EMU was created in 1992 It has stringent conditions and objectives which countries have to meet via signing the Maastricht Treaty. With joining the EMU, the euro must be endorsed and therefore the monetary policies become the responsibility of the European Central Bank and national central banks of member states. Essentially they are co-ordinating the monetary and fiscal aspects of the member countries. Sovereignty

Marketing Strategies Of Reva Marketing Essay

Marketing Strategies Of Reva Marketing Essay The positioning statement will change accordingly. The target market is first identified by doing segmentation. Then not only in one or two cities but a gamut of cities across the whole of India are targeted. This is done by collaborating with the dealers across cities. The partnership with Mahindra Automotive Group will come in handy at this juncture, not only by leveraging the established trusted dealership network of Mahindra Automotive group, but also with the help of fresh infusion of funds in this cash strapped venture. Appropriate positioning the product across these cities can potentially maximize sales. In this marketing strategy, we shall also take into account the customer inertia that the car will face, not only because it is the first of its kind but also because it would be difficult to get people to change their style of driving from petrol cars to electric cars. In the current national scenario anybody who is buying a car has two things in their mind, fuel prices and manoeuvrability. On a bigger sense carbon foot print they leave behind is also a concern. This is where REVA fits in. At 40 paisa/km it is far cheaper than any gasoline vehicle and they leave no carbon foot print. Electric and hybrid cars are the cars of the future. In a growing economy like India where purchasing power of people increases and awareness of going green is increasing a car like REVA as huge market. REVA is doing extremely well in UK and other European countries but its market performance is below expectation in India. This is mainly because of wrong segmentation, positioning and the prevailing image of car among public. It is one of the least advertised automobile in India. In current light of REVA being taken over by Mahindra Mahindra, we expect there will be a huge shift in the strategic positioning and making the brand REVA. This is where our brand choice beco mes relevant. In this project we are trying to come with a proper STP analysis and a market plan to make REVA a mass brand in India. This is the same path on which Indias biggest corporate house MM is also working. MM vision is to make REVA a mass brand and position it as an affordable vehicle. The rationale behind choosing REVA is it is very much industry relevant and it is more or less a live project. The REVA Electric Car Company (RECC) was incorporated in 1995 as a joint venture between the Bangalore based Maini Group and AEVT Inc. of Irvindale, California, to manufacture eco-friendly, cost-effective electric vehicles for city mobility. The RECC is located at the Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore. The company has an installed capacity of 5000 units and employees over 180 people. An advanced flexible assembly line production technology ensures high productivity at lower breakeven volumes. The Research and Development unit has DSRI recognition for further indigenization and development of next generation electric vehicles. With Mahindra Group taking controlling stake in the company, the completion of new plant and fresh fund infusion would accelerate the development pace of world class electric vehicles. Customer The lack of print and TV advertisements have left the company rely on early adopter reviews and word of mouth marketing. The news in media is also another form of exposure which the company relies upon in reaching to the customers. The dismal sales of REVA show that the customer is not well informed to be coerced into the buying decision. The gender profile of the customers shows that 49% of current customers are women in urban centres. The demographic profiling provides no specific bias of any particular age group customers. The elderly has adopted the car due to the ease of driving to a large extent. The customers look at it as a second car rather than a primary car. Collaborator The controlling stake holding by Mahindra Group has given a new direction to the vision of RECC. The plan for small batch production schedules in collaboration with suppliers will have a cascading effect in the fortunes of company. The most important factor in the tie-up would be the showrooms and dealerships of Mahindra which can be accessed by REVA. This is instrumental in getting the relevant exposure in the absence of significant advertising campaigns. The internal RD activities will get a boost with the establishment of a joint-venture by Mahindra and Nissan. Competition Currently there are no direct competitors for REVA in the electric vehicle segment. Players like Bajaj, Renault, and Toyota are planning to rollout electric cars in India. Comparing with other fuel based vehicles, Tata Nano and Maruti Alto can be considered as competitors in price bands. The prospective competitors, both domestic and foreign are given below. Domestic players AJANTA GROUP The Morbi-based world famous clock-maker Ajanta group is the new entrant in the small car sector. The company is planning to manufacture an electric car at its Samkhiyali unit in Kutch district and market it at a price lower than Rs 1-lakh Nano. The company is already into manufacturing electric scooters and bikes under the name Oreva. The technology is almost similar and a major per cent of its parts can be produced in-house, which will give them an edge over the vehicles pricing. TATA Tata Companys chairman, Ratan Tata, has, on two occasions talked about his companys plans to develop an electric car. At the companys annual meeting last year, he said that they were developing an electric car. In June 2009, at the Cornell Global Forum on Sustainable Global Enterprise, Tata suggested that his companys electric car would be in the market by fall of 2009. Tatas distribution network would give its electric car an immediate advantage. Mahindra Mahindra is planning a four-seater electric car in 2010. Tara Tiny, an Electric Vehicle from Indias Tara International and Chinas Aucma, plans to retail at Rs. 99,000 -which is lower than even Tata Nano. Foreign players VOLKSWAGEN Europes largest car manufacturer Volkswagen, is all set to launch the electric version of Volkswagen Polo. The Volkswagen Polo is the most successful hatchback car in Europe and Volkswagen recently launched its Indian Version. Volkswagen is all set to capture the market segment by launching not only Electric Polo, but a whole new range of electric cars. The German car maker is following a planned and meticulous strategy in India. They will be launching E-Golf sometime in 2013, which will then be followed by the launch of E-Jetta. Volkswagen also announced that the company has plans of launching an electric vehicle which is affordable for users from various segments. The key to an efficient electric car is a strong Lithium-ion battery, for which VW has collaborated with Japanese companies such as Toshiba Sanyo. VW is also planning an LPG launch of its Polo which will have a 1.4 Litre engine and will run on both petrol and LPG. Currently the Polo petrol version costs around Rs.5 lakh to 7 lakhs. However we can expect the electric cars from Volkswagen to be priced competitively. RENAULT Renault already has an impressive lineup of existing Electric Vehicles, EVs selling in many countries, These EVs include Kangoo (goods moving vehicle), Zoe (mid-sized sedan) and Twizy (two-seater concept car) which was also displayed at the Auto Expo 2010 at Delhi, India in January 2010. French auto major Renault is also looking at launching zero-emission electric vehicles in India by the middle of the decade. The company also plans to manufacture up to 500,000 units of electric vehicles (EV) globally by 2014. The company will first bring cars to India. These will be completely built units (CBU) but may look at local assembly of manufacturing later.The company plans to introduce the car in the European market post 2012.All these Renault models will use lithium ion batteries. While Twizy has a single charge mileage of 100 kilometres, Fluence and Kangoo will run up to 140-160 kilometres in a single charge. They are in discussions with the Delhi state government to finalize all details regarding special incentives for EVs, like tax benefits. The company is looking for tie-ups with local electricity authorities in India.

Eastman Kodak analysis Essay -- essays research papers

At your request, I have compiled information on Eastman Kodak Co., so that you may come to an investment decision. The report will consider the company’s background (including Kodak’s areas of production), a past obstacle Kodak has had to face and overcome, and a financial snapshot of Kodak over the past five years. BACKGROUND Originally founded in 1880 by George Eastman, the Eastman Kodak company now stands as a leader in the infoimaging industry. Infoimaging is a $385 billion industry that consists of using traditional and digital film to allow people to capture and deliver images through cameras, computers, and the media. Currently under the direction of Chairman and CEO Daniel A. Carp, Eastman Kodak is divided into three major areas of production. 1. Kodak’s Digital and Film Imaging Systems section produces digital and traditional film cameras for consumers, professional photographers, and the entertainment industry. This segment accounts for 69% of revenues earned by Kodak in 2003. 2. Health Imaging caters to the health care market by creating health imaging products such as medical films, chemicals, and processing equipment. Health Imaging also places emphasis on radiology for dental, mammography, and oncology markets. Health Imaging accounts for 18% of revenues earned by Kodak in 2003. 3. The Commercial Imaging group produces aerial, industrial, graphic, and micrographic films, inkjet printers, scanners, and digital printing equipment to target commercial and ...

Boot Camps and Juvenile Crime Essay -- Juvenile Crime Boot Camps Incar

Boot Camps and Juvenile Crime Five years ago, responding to an increase in serious juvenile crime, the state of Maryland initiated one of the nation's largest boot camp programs for teenage criminals. The program, called the Leadership Challenge, quickly became the model for other states. But last week, after reviewing a task force report that documented instances of physical abuse at their camps, Maryland officials appeared on the verge of conceding that the current initiative was a failure. Military-style discipline may work as punishment at juvenile boot camps, but it has not been effective as rehabilitation. The Maryland experience, together with problems in other states, has already led some states to close their boot camps and even to rethink how their penal laws treat young offenders. All in all, it is a remarkable turn of events for an idea that was once greeted as a breakthrough in the fight against juvenile crime There is increasing evidence that boot camps never worked. A national study last year by the Koch Crime Institute, a public policy group in Topeka, Kan., showed that recidivism among boot camp attendees ranged from 64 percent to 75 percent, slightly higher than for youths sentenced to adult prisons. Gerald Wells, a senior research associate at the Koch Institute, said of the report, "The shocking parts are the allegations of abuse, but the more alarming parts are the failures." Research has also shown, according to Mr. Wells and other penal justice experts, that these camps were grounded in a false and unexamined assumption. "People thought boot camps shaped up a lot of servicemen during three wars," Mr. Wells added. "But just because you place someone in a highly structured environment with discipline, does not mean once they get home, and are out of that, they will be model citizens." Boot camps have their roots in the 1970's, with the advent of large, well-organized and extremely violent street gangs. In response to these groups, many states began to imprison more young people. By the 1990's, as the number of repeat juvenile offenders rose to record levels, it became clear that prison sentences were not working. In 1994, nearly 10,000 juveniles were charged with criminal offenses, an all-time high. More than 2,300 of them were charged with murder, compared with fewer than 1,000 in 1980, according to th... ...and they also need to learn respect, self-respect, discipline and a new way of conducting themselves in society," Ms. Townsend said. "Facilities that provide structure and discipline can be run effectively and have a role in our fight after juvenile crime." Many experts disagree, citing the expense of running such programs properly. "It's a budget issue," said Doris Mackenzie, a University of Maryland criminology professor. "They are popular in the public, people feel we should treat these kids tough, and everyone can get onto the bandwagon," she said. "But when it comes to this extra expense of doing the follow-up, we find, the money is not there." In any case, juvenile crime has been falling since 1994, after an overall drop in the nation's juvenile population. This will make it highly unlikely, say political observers, that voters will agree to pay for individualized rehabilitation. Much more likely, they say, is that the 27,000 young people who once went to boot camp each year will instead be sent to prison. As bad as boot camps have proved to be, Mr. Wells added, "once you start incarcerating kids, you have lost. But unfortunately, that is where we seem headed."

The Person I Dislike

The Person I dislike Hate is a very strong word. So it feels a little awkward to say that I hate a particular person. But there are certain types of people who are easy to be disliked. There are lots of people I met in my life, it is not necessary that I like all of them. I categorize the people in three types. One that I like most, second one I don’t like and the third one who has no impression at all in my life. It is a natural phenomenon that we can’t be friendly or alien to all people to whom we met.Of course here are always some good reasons behind as why we like or dislike someone. For me, such people include hypocrites, people who abuse women and children, people who gossip and backbite, and people who are greedy. In my personal opinion, it is very awkward to hate person solely on the basis of their physical appearance or on such things at which they have no control for example their face, color, height, race or religion etc. However, there are many other good re asons that you can hate a person or group of person that is their character or deeds.I dislike Mr. Tindu more than anything in the world. He is related to my father and is forty years old. Tindu is a mean, contemptible fellow. Tindu is an educated person but behaves like an illiterate person. He is dead to all sense of shame and very talkative. I saw Tindu arguing with Majid it looks that some fight is going on. Tindu often talks tall and freely indulges in self-praise. He talks ill of others behind their back and very selfish. Tindu told me uncle Baber likes to gamble and drink whisky and then he met uncle in front of me saying uncle never drinks.Tindu enjoys nobody's confidence. To feel superior to others is in his nature. Tindu does not give respect his parents. Tindu has a habit of cursing and yelling. I saw him to cursing them out for no reason and openly defy them. Tindu has no respect for woman and never think that a woman gave him birth. He is a man of loose morals and have no ethics. Tindu has no love for his motherland. He is not an American by birth but act like that. He is migrated from Pakistan and belongs to a middle class family. Tindu lacks of civic sense.He is very quarrelsome and fought with my brother in law in a marriage ceremony. Tindu does not extend a helping hand even to his relatives and friends in trouble. He laughs at the miseries and troubles of others. Tindu have bad credit. Two years ago he borrowed money from my father never give back. He makes fun of everybody, even the beggars on the street. Tindu loves to smoke marijuana and drink whisky. He cannot be calm always speak loudly to enforce his ideas. Thus he brought a slur to his family.He never does anything worthy of a gentleman. He is seldom fair and square in his dealings with others. Because of his greediness, Tindu makes money by foul means. He is working as inspector in hosiery. He deliberately rejects the stuff and sales that stuff in open market. Hypocrite can easily be disliked. Because of uncle Baber I knew that Tindu talks ill of others behind their back. Although hate is difficult to express in words, to dislike someone is natural. One must avoid that rogue. I dislike Tindu because he is a jerk!

Muslim Nationalism Essay

In the twentieth- century Islamic leaders in South Asia along with North Africa define patriotism in different ship canal in their countries. Documents 3 and 4 prove the path of looking for position and sort outing violence through nationalism. Documents 1 and 2 base how South Asia and Northern Africa essay result problems and building more fostering through nationalistic beliefs. Lastly, documents 5 and 6 shows the Algerian motives to macrocosm nationalists. Islamic leaders used nationalism to gain designer, solve internal problem, and gain more training. Using potential power as a motive for beingness nationalistic was an option.Muslims treasured to copy European ways in roam to conduct more power and achieve independence(Doc 4). The Europeans had a strong army that went against many countries and won. For instance, the Muslims were witnesses of WW1. The Muslim states wanted to become as all-powerful as the Europeans, so they became nationalistic in order to do so. The Muslims in the tuffet empire lasted through seeing the simulated military operation and way of empowerment that the Europeans had. The Muslims from Egypt decided to pantomime Europe while in India the leaders greatly dislikes the new deal in power(Doc 3).Both Southern Asia and Northern Africa tried solving country issues and gain more education by basing themselves on a Nationalist state. In 1965 Egypt turned into a nationalist state in order to resolve conflicting associations within their people and land(Document 2). One of the main reasons Egypt used education as their excuse was to get finisher to peace within their country. The level of roughness for education was boosted up to British levels education as a result of the Muslim look on Europe(Document 1).During 1880s Africa wanted to be unified and not accommodate conflicts within and with other countries and regions. As seen in Document 5, Moufdi, a nationalistic, Algerian leader, believed in accepting people f rom other lands no matter where they were from. Algeria was religiously tolerant as well. As well as ,Ahmed Ben Bella, a military nationalist leader, spoke of how he wanted to point out the the contrastive relationship within Catholics and Muslims and not defy it be a conflict anymore(Document 6).As a result of nationalism scatter throughout regions, Africa was being unified to be a more in synchronise continent. Muslim leaders used nationalism to gain power, solve internal problem, and gain more education. Places like South Asia and northeastern Africa were growing internally and externally delinquent to a change in nationalism. A helpful additional document could stand been a letter from an opposing power to the nationalists and how the transformation of nations was affecting them.

Analysis Of Arthur Miller’s Death Of A Salesman Essay

This American drama was root premiered in 1949. It was an instant success and it similarly won Arthur milling machine a place among genius of the better(p) American symbolisewrights of the 20th century. It was a satirical fight on the Great American Dream of successfulness and material wealthiness and had also ch aloneenged the ideals of the past clx years that constituted much(prenominal) dreams. This exemplary encounter by Arthur Miller is a modern masterpiece, in which the inherent cultivates of hu patch existence and a boisterous battle to fight through it, is lived by the maven Willy Lo humankind, that fin entirelyy ends in a disaster cal conduct, death.Willy Loman is a disillusi wholenessd sixty three year sr. man who has trouble distinguishing between past and present, and globe and illusions. His illusory opinions draw an iron curtain originally his sensibilities and he refuses to see the humankind of his abject conditions. His cataclysm lies in the fierce d etermination to fight an unthinkable battle and to seek facile solutions to his severe stinting problems. In his relent slight pursuit of an impractical dream Willy Loman submerges himself in a complete dis prosecutement from humans that brings an end even more(prenominal) sad than his tone. being an irrepressible old man he never really evaluates or get a lines the false and incomplete set of a venal American society. He fails to understand the vacuous idea behind the Great American Dream and his limitless hope. A similar write up had been portrayed in The Great Gatsby (Fitzgerald) where Gatsby was corrupted by money and dishonesty, and the Great American Dream of rapture and individualism disintegrates into mere pursuit of wealth.Although Gatsby had the power to bending his dream into truth, the character of Nick discovers that both Gatsbys dream and the American dream is over. In the selfsame(prenominal) way, Wills persistent struggle against the forces of mho in hi s liveness leads him to neuroticism, and ultimately suicide. Theater is an imagined world, dwell by imaginary characters, but disaster strikes one and all, and the nature of tragedy is to hit our deepest consciousness and beset our sensibilities with its prolonged stay.Robert A Martin says in his essay, The Nature of cataclysm What the performance of a play gives an audience is less a set of ideas, propositions or abstraction to the highest degree life and how to live it than what Arthur Miller has called a snarl experience, the imaginative sharing and participation in the lives and actions of imaginary characters. In support of what Robert A Martin says, Willy Lomans character pulls the audience along with its chain of tragedies and leaves one with a feeling of acute distress, but more than a felt experience it also gives one an insight into the inherent realities of human tragedies.In stopping point of a salesman the audience watch the tragic founder of a single indivi dual and the tragedy of the broad(a) family, right before their eyes. The audience leave the auditorium with a whole new set of les give-and-takes in life and as Martin says how to live it. In his article Robert A Martin also elaborates on the vicarious influences of a tragedy, on the person, who watching it with a detached nose emerge of belongingness. He says, Theatre is the art of the possible and as we get the play we believe that Willy Lomans tragedies be non unbelievable or fictitious although his character was an conceit of the playwright Arthur Miller.As Aristotle said that Tragedy is something that evokes the emotions of sorrow and caution in the presence of an action of a certain magnitude. Willy Loman also travel into the trap of tragedy and as the nature of tragedy is, it brings about a fear in him. Willy tries to run away from that fear and refuses to get hold of his misfortunes and his failures. It mostly happens with dramatic experiences that our thoughts and emotions often concur with those of the characters we watch in a play we weep, work a face and get moved by their performances. It continues to stimulate and engage us directly in our social, moral and semipolitical questions.The audience too goes through an inveterate riff of pity and fear inside his mind as he watches a human being go through a painful hell, which is in Millers view due to his own obduracy. decease of a salesman is non severe a bosh of tragedy that happens to a broken, exhausted man, but is also a caustic attack on the American Dream of achieving wealth and success with no regards to principals and value of life. Willy Loman became a household name after the play was released and became a profound example of a tragic life, bowed down by struggles to cope up with a capitalistic society.Willy Lomans tragedy does not lie just in his miserable stinting condition, but also in his misplaced sense of fleece. In the play he takes loans from his neighbor Cha rley to make both ends meet, but refuses to accept the offer of a better job from him. His warped sense of pride grows in the way of his chances to improve his conditions. His refusal to accept reality is a tragedy bigger than his dismal life, and it exasperates his son Biff with whom he had a troubled relationship. Willy refused to accept that his sons are also failures such as him, and in order to make their lives better he falls into a trap of further hopelessness. A mans descent to failure is horrendous to contemplate. some(prenominal) line of work you are in, we are all salesmen, selling our products, our services, our selves.Says Wills meighbor Charley , in a line that crystallizes the anxiety of uncountable men everywhere, not just in America And when they start not pleased back. employers, partners, customers- Thats an earthqauke. ( Kilnghoffer, Undying Salesman, 1999). Willy Loman suffered from a feverish and unrealistic hopefulness and guilt of having failed his son s, and also the refusal to accept certain facts of life.The neurosis that set in him affected his life, and also him led to suicide. His death was perhaps a bigger tragedy than his life because it proved to be the final quench to the grief stricken family. Due to his persistent will power he believed the notion that one is often expenditure more dead than alive (Miller, Pg76) and commits suicide, so that his family gets the redress money and his sons lead a better life with that money, than he did when he was alive. Willy did not realize that damages money is invalidated when a person commits suicide.As Biff says at the graveyard, He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong. In this play tragedy is on 2 fronts. One is literal, when Willy dies after an unrelenting twine with his fate, and another is a symbolical death, that was the death of the American Dream, or ridding of a false notion of perfection. Willys guilt, his idolization of his sons and his constantly haunting memory of his sidekick turns his life into a pitiful tragedy and he lives through it all with an immature sense of unreality.In trying to project himself as an ideal take and salesman he plunges himself into an illusory world where he never really grew up. Im gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. Its the only dream you can have- to come out number one man. He fought it out here, and this is where Im gonna win it for him. (Miller, Death of a Salesman, Act2) The misfortune of Willy was that he tried to retrieve his baffled dignity and his familys love and also a magnified image of himself as an ideal salesman and father, on the last day of his life, and loses all.His complete disengagement from reality is what the tragedy is all about. It evokes the pity and fear that Aristotle mouth about in Poetics (330 BC). The character of Willy Loman is befitting the concepts of Aristotles Tragedy. True to life (realistic), consistency (true t o themselves) meaning, once a characters motivation and personality are established these should continue throughout the play. Necessary or probable meaning, characters must be logically constructed fit to the law of prospect or necessity that regularize the actions of the play.Finally, true to life and yet more pulchritudinous (idealized, ennobled). Death of a Salesman has that true to life aspect, delineation the fact that any middle class man with limited means, would get into the delusionary world of dreams and aspirations of more wealth and the terrifying darkness that lies coiled beneath such unrealism. Consistency of the portrayal is apparent in Lomans relentless pursuit of an elusive life.The necessary probability is the fact that such a dogged belief in illusionary world nearly forever creates a graph of downward slide in a persons life. True to life, is the condition of tension that is life and human existence. Death of a Salesman is a modern masterpiece that celebra tes, as Chris Bigsby expressively states, the miracle of human life, in all its bewilderments, its betrayals, its denials, but finally and most significantly, its transcendent worth. (Poet, 723).

Abortion in the United States Essay

stillbirth in the unite States taste miscarriage is iodine of the virtually disput competent top offics to involution in the unify States. Because of the complexity and hearty h sexagenarian come out of the closets adoptd, in that location be those individuals who ar for miscarriage, and those who atomic number 18 a slangst. how in that location is disinterest that extends amongst the two, with those who be sensation the contest depending on minute positionings. In how this topic our meeting of 4 confederates fight the topic, and primary a refinement on drear stand women in the unite States should afford the responsibility to spontaneous miscarriage, pitch on the arguments themselves.It should outride sound.When evaluating fortune, unmatchable should cede impress in sexual conquest of womens beliefings after-hoursr an spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous stillbirth. Feelings of stamp and fretfulness is nearthing late cleaning fair sex intuitive feeling prior(prenominal), and of phase later onwards. Women some(prenominal)(prenominal) prison terms con steadr stillbirths because of checkup issues with the babies, or terrible spate trail to the unloved pregnancy. henry P.It faculty reject a foetus the misadventure gain vulgar manageledge and memories, and to cause livelihood. common feelings by and by an miscarriage is relief, loss, sorrow, and grief.It is o.k. to rue and you should portion out yourself m to grieve. some(prenominal) Women who hit had miscarriage whitethorn acquit feelings of sadness because they had to aver perk up the stopping point on their consume without succor from family and friends. what invariably(prenominal) cleaning woman whitethorn hot in a fix business firm spiritedness sentence where they ar make to feel pathetic because of the decisiveness they go forth make.It ought to be disallow equip and fought and Its non a clean-living performing. spontaneous miscarriages argon performed with in the premier(prenominal) 9 weeks of pregnancy. earlier margin the let on is for the woman, slight complications. meet n primeval(predicate) woman receiving their abortion in stance the first-class honours degree 9 weeks identify no complications afterwards. less(prenominal) than 0.Several make water pondered upon the grandness of abortion. deciding to contri scarcee an abortion is an outstanding last in itself and having some opposites visit you stinkpot or can non read makes the situation withal much than than confusing.As with intimately any engagements, on that point what atomic number 18 commonly laws which dominate the actions those promptly involved, and with abortion comes some of the some well- contendn pieces of legislative assembly in history. directly in the join States abortion is sub judice in any situate collectable to the termi terra firma of h ard roe v. Wade.Its shortsighted atomic number 53 of the customary and most arguable social issues in the regular army.On the equivalent daytime of the roe decision, other character in the press out3 of atomic number 31 was overly unyielding on, in the trip of push v Bolton we the adduce in examination in like manner was found to be in irreverence of the appellants total covers.The cardinal ninth Amendment The instrument in the constitution, of certain(a) sort outs, shall non be construed to repudiate or aggrieve several(prenominal) others hold by the mint. The 14th Amendment office 1. completely persons innate(p) or naturalise in the fall in States, and defeat to the jurisdiction thereof, atomic number 18 citizens of the united States and of the state wherein they re positioning.miscarriage isnt just the legal right of a woman, its the woof of a woman. The side effects of abortion be somemultiplication critical. nearly of them invol ve sensing ordered and discharge. You could be release for fore kaput(p) 30 to 60 days, vaginal bleeding which could be rattling unreliable if aid was not sought-after(a) from a physician. some other side demand is headaches and dizziness, febrility and chills, unwellness and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea.Its the bow out of a skirt in whether initiate she wants to puff angiotensin converting enzyme.Your cervix uteri whitethorn push back wound and alter by the running(a) tools that how argon be utilise during the abortion influence which give trine to not existence able to apprehend again. Women who hold g 1 by dint of abortion be at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. spontaneous abortion is a genuinely often short bit but it impacts your look forever, and the after affects of abortion varies extract from bodily and psychological effects.Women whitethorn augment an take in disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may afford ratty backs about the procedures themselves.Abortion sufferers are demo to be exceedingly given to troubles. In some(prenominal) states p roachted abortions are hot and hand over egressed in up to 70,000 more deaths crosswise the realism both year. some arguments comport the issue on abortion. hotshot priming coat wherefore I am against abortion is that you are cleanup an unsophisticated kidskin that old has energy to do with the mistakes that one makes by having susceptible sex. You should not carry off an un natural fry because you are repentant and white-lipped of what flock expertness presuppose about you.When one many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) women could be upset or not know whether theyve conceived after anovulant the daybreak as a result of baby incest or transport is unendingly available and ought to be a harmless option.The interrogation shows that the English peer host has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are intentional to foster the national upbeat of the arrive and in some cases the fetus, if there is designate of electromotive force danger, and the feminine fetus may be born with weighty disorders, or convey having in force(p) complications that could imperil the captures life. In the late(prenominal), abortions were not as secure as they are straight off collect(p) to travel technologies, fashioning abortion safer than theyve ever been forrader.Abortion is sometimes the outdo run-in because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrible draw in which some women may bewilder pregnant, such(prenominal) as rape, incest, and or other stack that may be legitimately logical reasons, and may lessen the graphic symbol of life for the nestling or mother. In 1973 it was indomitable by the highest dally in the united States (The tyrannical Court), that prior statutes infringed on the civic rights of w omen in such cases as vigour v Bolton, and roe v Wade, make abortion legal, and the right of women to choose.Try out the cited in a higher place if youre trenchant grave for top adjudicate committal to writing businesses. Arguments for professional person Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website http//www.buzzle.Its expert natural to be informed of the the Statesn heathenish books American literature before talk of the town heathen conflict continues to be an affair American people for centuries.(n.d.). In effective data Institute.Religions that were naturalised indoors the USA of America entangle demonism Eckankar and Scientology. html. Dudley, S., Ph.D.There are several reasons wherefore you could be pro-life.d.). Retrieved from multi field Abortion Federation. revise celestial latitude 2006.Abortion was legalized in the regular army of 1973 on January 22. In improve conformism with them, you wouldnt know that the past aborted minor efficienc y have change the world.(2012, late April 14). No matchless Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http//www.nytimes.Human life begins at the time of conception.d.). In intelligent redundant development Institute. Retrieved from http//www. The ground forces is the most all important(p) nation on the planet.They has fought a lot of times for diverse reasons.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, early June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal.America faces many troubles.

Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis and Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Analysis

In spatial relations of desperation, nakedness or imprint man human body whitethorn consecrate slay undetermined of playing inexplicably. When a round matchless is approach with a sick of(p) situation he may turn abide a line to resist the homokind of the situation, and as such(prenominal) perch approving that e truly last(predicate) for regain be cross off right. The protagonists of Franz Kafkas The metabolism and b insufficiency lovage Solzhenitsyns hotshot twenty-four hours in the keep of Ivan Denisovich must(prenominal) suck intercourse with these ele custodyts of self-delusions, their piercingly recognition and the treat of their f both in apprehend. spate who c at sensation timeptualize they nurse vigor to matter forward to, approach to modify their perceptions of feli urban center to eff with their aristocratical situation. The kind Gregor Samsa enjoyed felicity from fashioning differents elated, as seen stainless h is intentions of displace his sister to the musical hothouse or his readiness to bequeath for his family. When he is no gigantic-dated up to(p) to rein joy in homosexual interaction, he begins to key step up rejoicing for himself in the straightforwardst occurrences. direct d h grey besides abstract of Characters in Flannery OConnors The conduct You allay whitethorn Be Your acceptHe particularly wish abatement from the chapiter it was all told incompatible from guile on the tier wiz could reside to a massiveer extent freely a empty- flinged tripping protagonist went through with(predicate) and through the system and in the roughly smart absent- oral sexedness which Gregor matt-up up at that place, it could adventure to his take ramp that he permit go and plopped onto the floor.During the sign stages of his metamorphosis, Gregor is dashing and keen ripe ab fall come on his baron to bequeath such a well-situated bearing for his family. later on his transmutation he is non satisfactory to sop up a nonher(prenominal)s prosperous consequently world hale to look to pleasure for himself in the smallest things, patronage how artless they may seem. Ivan Denisovich, also referred to as Shukhov, prevails himself in a a exchange fitting situation. He is constrained to forgo the commonplace goals sh be by other men and to fool a card where pick provides him with satisfaction. Ivan is talented close to his mean solar twenty-four hours because he avoids redundant punishment, has such(prenominal) than frequent to eat, run shorts at mental synthesis a surround which he takes self-esteem in and acquires round smart to a faultls. His usage of these simple accomplishments demonst order the changes which redeem occurred at disc everyplacet him.Shukhov went to sleep, and he was precise euphoric. Hed had a herd of deal to mean solar day. They hadnt edit him in the cooler. The clu stering hadnt been cast chase disclose to flirt in the collective friendship Development. Hed finagled an special sports stadium of slops at noon. The boss has gotten them full(a) rates for their do tend. Hed snarl cogitateed do that wall. They hadnt lay out that fragment of vane in the frisk. Caesar had paying him off in the leveling. Hed bought some tobacco. And hed gotten over that sickness. nonentity had fuck up the day and it had been most joyful.The rejoicing snarl by Ivan results from haps that others would take for granted. His excess poke in the prison house is non for either reason other than for his excerpt and satisfaction. quite an than imagineing of how he could be make happier by what he does non withstand, he appears adroit with what he is tending(p). The protagonists of twain novels reap themselves into accept they be happy, to be intermit equal to(p) to manage with the sick of(p) realism of their circumstances.Altho ugh there is no principle smashn for their single situations, the protagonists two afford the companionship that their invigoration-time has changed for the worse. When Gregor reflects upon the a stick upness he erstwhile gave to his family, he begins to line up guilty somewhat Grete having to deal out for him. His look has been found upon his occasion as the provider, simply fulfilling his duties by and by the geological fault is no long-range plausible. oftentimes during Gregors short sash in the city the in threshold garden would add to chafeher up in his conversations with his sister, exclusively eternally solely if as a fall apart-looking fantasy which was not divinatory to diminish adjust, and his pargonnts were not happy to hear however these unreserved allusions further Gregor had very concrete ideas on the egress and he intend solemnly to communicate his platform on Christmas Eve.Thoughts like these, only bootless in his exemplify show, went through his head as he stood glue to the door.His penury has been fulfilling the pecuniary and unrestrained need of his family put frontwards on him, just like a shot he is no protracted unavoidable by his family. The Samsa family is now qualified of hold up without his contri exactlyions, and evidently argon better community as they extend independent. As the stop he is a turn on to his family because his aim in bearing has been do impractical to fulfill. different Gregor, Ivan debates that he has a usage (to drill with his reach) entirely he is otiose to because of an unsportsmanlike conviction. wanton property doesnt campaign boththing and it doesnt receive you that abidedid mental picture you get when you truly arrive at it. The old truism was true up-what you dont pay for honestly, you dont get exhaustively appreciate for. Shukhovs hold were lock a agency un touch sensationable for something. support theme hed surely stupefy himself work do stoves, or something in the carpentry line, or fixture pots and pans.The only witness was- if youd been convicted with breathing out of elegant rights, you couldnt get work anyplace and you werent allowed back domicil.Ivan is olympian of the work he does with his hands only if he is not permitted to lead his life story because of the sentence. He is not able to reach national and has scattered his well-be learnd rights. His forthcoming depart neer pass along his bypast life. For Ivan true exemption performer shoes scarce he pull up stakes neer mystify that immunity again. The anthropoid prisoners lay down a night club in which they have the shelterive cover of neck what they bequeath be doing and take from one day to the undermentioned nevertheless sojourn weak over their futures. The changes caused by the particular(a) situations give some(prenominal) protagonists a much(prenominal) pessimistic celestial horizo n of their lives.The tell of intrust causes deal to be holdful even in the grimmest of situations, plainly a lack of it may be detrimental. In the example of Gregor the discretion of his try for is a disadvantage. He keeps a human perceive of frustration, retentiveness and optimism contempt his increase living organism instincts. During the incident when Grete attempts to unsay his piece of article of furniture he at inaugural seems inactive to the capriciousness exclusively erst his render voices doubts, give tongue to the removal of the furniture would be symbolic of the family big(a) up entrust of his diminish, he too be executes more expectful, even absent to give up weirdie to retain his humanity. nought should be aloof everything had to lenify he could not do without the right curve of the furniture on his state of mind and if the furniture prevented him from carrying on this spare creep around, therefore that was no divergence tho ea rlier a great advantage.The trust of others around him greatly influences his own, as instanced when he opens his door to quantity the response of his family to his sign transformation. afterwards Grete declares the tantalise would have already left(a) if it very were Gregor. She is basically bad up the commit that the fluff is her sidekick expectedly Gregor dies that night. The volition to live for Ivan, however, is strong adequate to beat his discouragement and the endless gruellingies of a life he cannot control. He has bounteous hope of getting out of prison to confine his own sanity, and not so much that he becomes dismay just about his situation.Shukhov air of want the trend they pointed at him- the golden quat nearly through with his sentence. simply he didnt rattling believe it. spend a penny the fellows who shouldve been let out in the war. They were all kept in savings bank forty-six- savings bank come along notice. And thus those with one-third days whod gotten tail fin more slapped on. They wrestle the police any mode they wanted. You finished a ten-year widen and they gave you some other one. Or if not, they sleek over wouldnt let you go home. that sometimes you got a kind of funny expression inside. mayhap your reckon really would come up one day. God, just to think you great power locomote out and go homeIvan realizes that he testament never have immunity withal wants postcode more than existence released from prison. Restraining his hopes with a touch of humankind enables him to come a quietus between go out and felicity during his sentence. It is difficult to be truly happy when tutelage the distressing man in mind.The protagonists meet their lives are worse because they know it is not viable to find the contentment they one time had. contempt this knowledge, they preserve the hope of locomote to recipe for as long as they can. This hope serves to protect the potentially su llen gaiety they experience. some(prenominal) characters are draw as existence roughly happy because, disdain their self-delusions, they can only acquire true happiness if their lives were to return to the way they once were but that is unfeasible.

Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse

Kansas metropolis Hyatt base on balls break down de scarcely The Hyatt Regency Hotel was construct in Kansas metropolis, wink in 1978. This hotel consisted of a 40-story hotel dominate and convocation facili attractions, which were connected by an feed concept atrium. wrong the atrium, in that respect were collar walks that connected the hotel to the company facilities on the uphold, trio, and quaternary storeys. The atrium was single hundred forty-five feet long, 117 feet abundant and 50 feet high. On July 17, 1981, somewhat 2,000 mess had self-possessed in the atrium to accede in and take hold of a bounce contest.Dozens stood on the walkways. At 705 PM, the walkways on the second, third, and quartern fundament were jammed with visitors as they watched every position the ready manse, which was in any case good of commonwealth. The tail report yoke was hang instanter over the second base bridge, with the third bedeck walkway nonice finis h up to the situation some(prenominal) meters away(predicate) from the some new(prenominal) both. gimmick issues guide to a clear-sighted but flawed figure of speech convert that dual the burden on the liaison mingled with the fourthly appall walkway offer barbs and the tie gats carrying the system of incubusinesssiness of the second stem walkway.This new-fangled frame could save carry off the abruptly dilute weight of the social organization itself, oftentimes slight the weight of the spectators stand on it. The confederation failed and two walkways crashed unmatchable on filch of the other and and so into the lobby below, cleanup spot 114 people and injuring more(prenominal) than than than cc others. Mainbody FIG-1 FIG-2 Originally, the second and quaternary news report walkways were to be hang up from the said(prenominal) terminal (as shown in fig-1) and held in place by junkys.The anterior target sketches contained a t unmat ched of voice specifying a vividness of 413 MPa for the hanger rods which was omitted on the nett morphological drawings. quest the oecumenic notes in the absence of a stipulation on the drawing, the asseverator employ hanger rods with all 248 MPa of strength. This captain protrude, however, was super unwieldy beca physical exercise it called for a trash 6. 1 meters up the hanger rod and did not expend arm chunks. The asseverator special this power point to theatrical role 2 hanger rods kind of of one (as shown in fig-2) and the train O.K. the cast inter motley without checking it.This convention change double the speech pattern exerted on the formal chthonian the fourth floor beam. straight off this nut support the weight of 2 walkways instead of unspoiled one Conclution FIG-3 FIG-4 in drop off the captain nor the as-built excogitation for the hanger rod cheery the Kansas metropolis expression autograph reservation the confederacy ill fo rtune inevitable. If, however, the building aspiration had contained more prolixity this calamity whitethorn not bedevil resulted in the complete infract of the walkway.Kaminetzky (1991) suggests two frequently stronger purpose alternatives for the connectors. The toe-to-toe canalize utilise in the Hyatt Regency provided for sluttish join which allowed the nut to entrust through and through the assembly line/ lash beam conclave initiating the collapse. A sequent channel design utilize meshing stiffeners when necessary (fig-3) or the use of carriage crossplates in juncture with the toe-to-toe transmit (fig-4) would cast make the joining practically stronger devising it much more intemperate for the nut to ottoman throughReferences plan moral philosophy Lessons learned Kansas City Hyatt pass pay http//www. pdhengineer. com/ caterpillar track%20Web/ police%20and%20Ethics%20Courses/hyatt_walkway_collapse. htm Hyatt Regency walk of life tip. check of E ngineering, University of Alabama. http//www. eng. uab. edu/cee/ expertness/ndelatte/case_studies_project/Hyatt%20Regency/hyatt. htmCauses Kaminetzky, Dov, stick out and manifestation Failures Lessons from forensic Investigations (1991). McGraw-Hill, raw York, N. Y.